Labour Induction - Stripping Membranes

A lot of pregnant women might need to go through labour induction. The problem is that a lack of info is a reality when talking about this particular topic. Few women are aware of the various methods that can be used to induce labour. Medical intervention is the most recommended method by doctors. On the other hand this can be handled in different ways. Few women use it due to a lack of information related to the technique. The truth is that there are not many doctors that think about it. We are talking about a labour induction method though and we do need to learn more about it.

membrane switch

Most women compare the feeling they get when they go through membrane stripping with that of a vaginal examination. Unfortunately sometimes it will cause pain and cramps. You will not be able to go through membrane stripping at home so you will need to consult a practitioner. Your cervix will be penetrated by a finger that is gloved. Amniotic membranes are thus swept free. Because of this action, the body will release prostaglandins. By doing this the body is helped to start labour.

MEMBRANE

A lot of experts state that membrane stripping is great to initiate labour. The problem is that the research is not definitive at this stage. Studies performed have shown that stripping the membranes does not necessarily cause labour induction but will keep women from delivering post term. The cases that have shown labour induction has been few using this method. At the end of the day we can say that membrane stripping might not induce labour. This procedure will cause different effects on different women because each body is also different.

Membrane stripping is a labour induction method that is performed by a professional but it is natural. The reason behind this is that we are not talking about any medical interventions used. There are no side effects and the method could work in some cases. If labour induction does not appear there are also other techniques that can be used.

We recommend that you also take a look at acupressure. Labour induction is possible but it must always come with proper research.

Labour Induction - Stripping Membranes

MEMBRANE

Dog Eye Diseases - The 8 Most Common Types

Dog eye diseases are oftentimes genetic, however others are the natural result of aging. Many eye problems are associated to the loose skin of the face, which happens in mixed breeds and purebreds alike. Traumatic eye diseases are sometimes caused by hereditary characteristics, although they might not always be related to genetics.

membrane switches

Progressive Retinal Atrophy:
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) is a serious hereditary eye disease caused by the deterioration of retinal cells, resulting in the dog not being able to see stationary objects. It causes vision impairment by about five years of age. Purebred breeding stock should be tested for this disease. Ask your veterinarian about the various certifying agencies such as CERF. Some affected dogs are treated, however cure is unlikely. A dog affected with PRA can lose his vision, but blindness isn't fatal. If the vision decreases slowly, the dog can adapt and live a normal life as a pet.

MEMBRANE

Entropion:
A dog may inherit a predisposition for this condition, which may cause symptoms at any age. It's not a serious threat to the life of the dog, but if it's determined to be hereditary, affected dogs should not be bred. Entropion is caused by excess skin around the dog's eyes, which causes the lids of the dog's eyes (upper or lower) to roll inward. With the rolling skin, the hair of the eyelids rubs on the dog's cornea, causing severe irritation. Secondary conjunctivitis generally accompanies entropion, and the dog often squints in discomfort. This condition is easily fixed by a comparatively simple surgical procedure.

Ectropion:
Ectropion is another surgically correctable eyelid problem. If too much loose facial skin causes the eyelids to sag excessively, the exposed conjunctiva is subject to infection. Predisposition for this condition is sometimes inherited, but may occur in mixed breeds.

Corneal Scratches and Ulcers:
These are usually traumatic in nature, though in some breeds ulcers can occur spontaneously and are considered to be genetically transmitted. Simple dust irritation or foreign bodies such as grass seeds that are picked up under the eyelids often cause dogs to scratch and rub at their eyes. Toenails can cause corneal scratches as well. Prompt diagnosis and treatment is needful. If unattended, the dog's constant scratching could cause the cornea to tear, and loss of sight ensues, sometimes followed by a loss of the eye. Whenever the dog squints, rubs his eyes, holds it closed, and it looks reddened and inflamed, rush him to your veterinarian.

Cherry Eye:
The nictitating membrane, also called the third eyelid, usually appears as a tiny pink structure located at the inside corner (nasal canthus) of the eye. If that membrane becomes irritated, it spreads out over the entire eye surface. If the gland located on the underneath side of the membrane becomes inflamed, it will swell and cause the whole third eyelid to turn wrong-side-out. This results in a horrible-appearing red mass, which, amazingly, doesn't appear to bother the dog in the least. Cherry eye is easily diagnosed, and if no cause is determined, can be treated either by surgical removal of the gland or occasionally by medication to combat the swelling and infection. A predisposition for cherry eye can be inherited.

Cataracts:
Normally a condition found in older dogs, cataracts may be hereditary. A cataract is an opacity within the lens, which lies directly behind the iris. Eventually causing blindness, this condition can't be treated medically. Cataract or lens removal is surgically possible. Surgery is expensive, and even when performed by specially qualified veterinary ophthalmologists, it could have complications.

Glaucoma:
This disease is often genetically transmitted. It results when the fluid pressure within the eyeball increases, causing significant discomfort and possible blindness. Glaucoma is diagnosed with special veterinary equipment and is treated both medically and surgically with fair success.

Pigmentary Keratitis (PK):
A condition caused by the invasion of blood vessels into the normally clear cornea, PK is usually genetically linked with certain breeds. German Shepherds are probably the breed in which this disease is encountered most frequently. Invading vessels transport pigment into the cornea and deposit it there, and if allowed to advance unchecked, PK will in time cause a physical blockage to vision. The invasion of blood vessels can usually be controlled by the application of medication into the eye, or by injecting steroids into the critical point between the cornea and sclera (white) of the eye.

Dog Eye Diseases - The 8 Most Common Types

MEMBRANE

How Does Reverse Osmosis Membranes Work and What Affects Quality and Production?

Osmosis is the flow from a high concentration of to a low concentration of water. To help understand the flow of water imagine a sealed filled water balloon with a hole in it - what happens to the water inside? It quickly leaves the balloon because of the concentration of H2O inside the balloon is higher than outside which makes the it wants to equalize the concentration of H2O.

Reverse osmosis is quite the opposite. The flow of H2O is from a low concentration to a high concentration. Imagine an empty balloon - if you're filling the balloon with a hose then you are using the water pressure and forcing it against its natural equalization tendencies.

MEMBRANE

A reverse osmosis (ro) membrane is simply a thin semi-permeable layer that separates two solutions. A ro membrane is a type of physical separation that is capable of separating molecules down to 1/10,000 micron. Since the size of the pores on the membrane is so small, it requires pressure to force it through. Most molecules are too large to pass through a reverse osmosis membrane but small enough for some salts, sugars and H2O molecules to pass through. Rejection rates of ro membranes average around 96-98% under ideal conditions (250 ppm softened tapwater, 77°F (25°C), 50 psig (3.4 bar), and 15% recovery).

TDS levels, temperature, pressure and recovery rates are all things that affect the product H2O quality of reverse osmosis membrane.

Effect of Pressure

Feed water pressure affects both the product water production and the rejection rates of RO membranes. The increase of feed water pressure directly increases the water production. Rejection rates also increase when pressure is increased but will plateau.

Effect of Temperature

Temperature has a direct linear effect to production rates. As temperature increase, water production increases almost linearly because of the higher diffusion rates of water through the membrane. Rejection rates are actually lowered when temperature rises. This is due to a higher diffusion rate of salt across the membrane.

Effect of Salt Concentration or TDS

TDS inversely affects the pressure required for reverse osmosis which in turn affects the production rates. If feed water was constant and TDS increases then the production rate decreases because of the osmotic pressure difference.

Osmotic pressure is the pressure and potential energy required to force water to move against its natural direction across a semi-permeable membrane. Every 100 ppm (parts per million) in TDS equals 1 psi (pounds per square inch). The higher the TDS, the more pressure required to force through the membrane.

Effect of Recovery Rates

Recovery rate refers to the amount of product water being produced which is controlled by the flow restriction on the waste line. Most reverse osmosis systems are sized with a sized flow restrictor will have a product to waste ratio of 1 to 4 which is a recovery rate of 25% this is made purposefully as a sales point to produce more product water but lower the rejection rate. For example, the proper size for a 50 GPD membrane is a 15% recovery rate or a 1 to 6.7 ratio. Lowering the recovery rates will increase the rejection rate and improve the quality of water. Raising the recovery rates will cause the quality of the product water to decrease and will affect the required driving pressure needed for reverse osmosis to take effect.

How Does Reverse Osmosis Membranes Work and What Affects Quality and Production?

MEMBRANE

Protein Targeting and Membrane Trafficking

The ER membrane separates the inside (lumen) from the cytosol. The ER is composed of Rough ER (RER) and Smooth ER. RER has ribosomes attached to the outside surface; it is these ribosomes that synthesise the secretory proteins (SP). The SP are either destined for the cytoplasm, cell membrane or externally, to be targeted to other parts of the body, usually via the bloodstream. Proteins are also synthesised by "free ribosomes" which exist in the cytosol and are not part of the RER. The SP are separated from the free ribosome proteins by the ER membrane. The SP are in their raw stage. Modification occurs in the Golgi apparatus (GA)

membrane vacuum pump

Proteins synthesised in the ER reach the GA in transport vesicles. The vesicles separate from the ER by being "pinched off" from the ER membrane. It moves to the GA, to which it fuses and deposits the protein into. The GA modifies, stores, indexes and distributes the protein. The index provides a "post-code", ensuring it arrives at the correct location. The GA has a CIS face, which faces the ER and is the receiving side for the SP, the opposite side of the GA is the Trans face, (the distribution side). The proteins are modified during their movement from the CIS to Trans face.

MEMBRANE

The GA also produces lysosomes. After modification in the GA the proteins are ready for transport, in protected vesicles, either as lysosomes or targeted at the membrane for use as an integral protein or external secretion by exocytosis. Exocytosis causes the secretory proteins to fuse with the cell membrane and release its contents, usually into the blood stream, for delivery to the correct destination.

Protein targeting (PT) or protein sorting is undertaken either in the ER-GA processing route (biosynthetic secretory pathway). This is co-translational targeting (CTT). Secretory proteins must be sent to the correct destination within an organism for them to function correctly. In CTT, the protein synthesised has a signal sequence attached. A signal recognition particle (SRP) is released form the cytosol. The SRP attaches to the ribosome, translation temporarily stops. The SRP docks with a docking-protein on the ER, the signal sequence penetrates the ER membrane, the SRP is released by the enzyme protease and synthesis continues.

Post-translational targeting (PTT) is when cytosolic proteins, synthesised by free ribosomes, remain in the cytosol and are bound for membrane bound organelles, eg, the mitochondria. When the protein reaches its intended destination, it must cross the organelle's membrane without folding. Another protein, a chaperone, attaches to the newly synthesised protein to prevent it from folding. An SRP attaches to the protein as in CTT and is released by protease. The chaperone detaches from the protein once it has penetrated the organelle membrane and the protein folds to the correct shape.

So far, one way trafficking has been described, ie, exocytosis. Endocytosis plays a part in delivering products to the inside of the cell from outside the cell membrane by invagination of the cell membrane to form vesicles. This can be achieved by Pinocytosis, phagocytosis or receptor mediated Endocytosis (RME).

Pinocytosis brings extra cellular fluids into the cell. The vesicles are protected by smaller protein molecules called clathrin, released once inside the cell, subsequently releasing the fluids. The cell utilises the molecules dissolved in the fluid.

Phagocytosis produces larger vesicles than Pinocytosis and is responsible for engulfing dead cells, cell debris and pathogens for destruction and recycling by enzymes within the cell.

RME provides bulk quantities of products, eg. low density lipoproteins (LDL). On the external cell membrane there are slight depressions called coated pits. Receptor proteins are also present on the pits. Using LDL molecules as an example, the pits form a vesicle which surrounds the LDL. The vesicle is strengthened by clathrin particles, released when the LDL macromolecule enters the cell. After ingestion of the LDL, the receptors reach the plasma membrane in the same vesicles for recycling.

Conclusion

From the integration of amino acids in the nucleus to the completion of proteins in the ER. The synthesis is fine-tuned in the GA for transport to either the cell membrane as integral proteins or the exterior of the cell to be targeted at specific areas within the eukaryotic organism. Free ribosomes within the cytosol synthesise proteins for use by the cell's internal organelles. The newly synthesised proteins in both cases arrive at the right location due to indexing by the GA and cytosol respectively.

Protein Targeting and Membrane Trafficking

MEMBRANE

A Reverse Osmosis Faucet - How it Works and Why it is Alarmingly Unsafe For Your Family

A reverse osmosis faucet produces some of the clearest water you'll ever drink. True. But that same water may in fact be some of the most unhealthy water that will ever wet your lips.

membrane air dryer

Let me explain.

MEMBRANE

On one hand a reverse osmosis faucet will give your home a steady stream of water that looks clean and pure. And since you installed this special faucet, you'll know this water is coming from a remarkably complex water purifier with some impressive science inside it.

But the very science and complexity of the reverse osmosis faucet is what let it down. Because the fact is that this system of making water fit to drink is actually bad for your health.

You can understand this immediately when you see how reverse osmosis works. With this process unhealthy water is pushed under pressure through an extremely fine mess or membrane. And this has been used very successfully in the Middle East on large commercial desert farms where salt water was readily available and only low quality water was needed for the drops. And in submarines, where sailors would not be drinking reverse osmosis water for very long stretches at a time.

But as the water is forced through the membrane and then goes in to your reverse osmosis faucet, two things happen.

One, a lot of water is wasted. The reverse osmosis system is probably the most wasteful method of treating water, with three times as much untreated water being poured back into the environment as treated water flows to the faucet.

And two, healthy minerals are removed by the reverse osmosis faucet. The membrane filter system is so fine it takes out things like calcium and magnesium that your body absolutely must have to function properly. These healthy minerals are dissolved by ground water deep under the earth, and slowly come to the surface where they collect in the water we drink. The very process that the reverse osmosis faucet depends on strips out these minerals. You will never get them in your water as long as you drink only from that faucet.

Then there is another problem with a reverse osmosis faucet: it depends on a fine membrane to filter out impurities, but will let through the molecules of water. What if contaminants have a smaller molecular size than water? They will pass through! And because many harmful chemicals and pharmaceuticals are smaller than water, they will go into your family drinking glasses if they are present in your water supply. They can't be stopped by reverse osmosis.

So what you need to do at your faucet is install a system of filters which will let the healthy minerals through and block the chemicals and contaminants that a simple physical membrane will let through. There are systems out there which will do this, and you can find them by searching on the Internet. Actually, you may like to start that search at my own site, which has a lot of free, helpful information that visitors fine useful. Click there now and start to look for alternatives to a reverse osmosis faucet.

A Reverse Osmosis Faucet - How it Works and Why it is Alarmingly Unsafe For Your Family

MEMBRANE

Installing Rubber Membrane Roofing

One of the main barriers to using Rubber Membrane Roofing is the common perception that it is difficult to install, and also difficult to move. These are not entirely accurate, and while it does require some special installation instructions, it is possible for anyone with basic construction knowledge to install rubber roofing tiles.

membrane switches

The first step in installing it is in the preparation of the surface. For starters, the roof must be made clean before the rubber is laid. A cleaner that is prescribed by the roofing shingles manufacturer is usually the best product to use. If one can not clean the surface because of it's nature, it must have an underlayment laid down. For example, if the existing roof top is gravel, simply lay 1/4 inch to 3/4 inch plywood over the top before installation.

MEMBRANE

Next, the roofer must lay the first pieces of rubber. It is helpful if it is laid out for awhile so that the roofing tiles can get the wrinkles out. The manufacturer generally recommends about a half hour. Once the rubber is set, it must be folded back while the adhesive is applied. Roll back the rubber at the farthest end, and apply the adhesive evenly. Make sure that the adhesive is prepared by stirring it for at least five minutes.

While the roofer has applied adhesive to the roofing itself, he or she must also apply adhesive to the plywood or roof. This helps to create a bond that is double-tight, which guard against leaks. Be sure that the adhesive is away from the seams, as it gets a special treatment later. As the roofer lays down the roofing, use a broom or roller to eliminate any wrinkles or bubbles. Also, check to see that the adhesive is tacky. This will make the roofing tiles stick better.

Finally, one must make sure that the seams are properly installed. Rubber roofing relies on the strength of the seams, so this job must be done correctly. First, clean the seams with the cleaner prescribed by the manufacturer. Next, use the seam tape provided to seal the rubber together. Make sure to do this process slowly and neatly, so as to insure that there are no leaks. Once this part is done, slowly remove the rubber backing.

This is all it takes to install membrane roofing. It is not difficult like the experts might have one believe, and money can be saved through self installation.

Installing Rubber Membrane Roofing

MEMBRANE

Industrial Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Systems

b>Introduction
In December 2008, Pure Aqua successfully supplied a skid-mounted Industrial Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis (BWRO) system to produce 50m3/hr product at 77°F using (42) 8"x40" FILMTEC LE-440i membrane elements, (6) FRP pressure vessels 7 elements per each vessel, SS multistage pump, PLC based controls and a digital conductivity and ORP read out, 380V/3ph/50Hz.

filmtec membrane

Systems and Process
Feed water to the system is from bore-well with raw water TDS of about 2451 PPM. The system design was based on high rejection TFC spiral wound membranes. The Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis system was selected from our RO-500 Series, model number BW-320K-6780-3. The Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis (BWRO) unit consists of 5-micron cartridge filters to reduce feed water Silt Density Index (SDI) and to limit the SS to 5-micron size and advanced PLC control panel with touch panel screen. Pre-treatment and post-treatment includes the following:

FILMTEC MEMBRANE

*Antiscalant dosing to minimize the precipitation of sparingly soluble sulfate
*Multimedia filters to remove suspended solids and reduce turbidity
*Carbon filters
*Cartridge filter with 0.2 micron cartridges
*Filter feed and backwash pumps
*Post UV system

Plant Design Summary
*Application: Bottling
*Total Plant Design Capacity: 1200 m3/day
*Product TDS: General Use = less than 240PPM
*Chemical Treatments: Antiscalant
*Feed TDS: 2451 PPM
*Maximum Pressure: 300psi
*System Recovery: 65%
*Feed SDI: Less than 3

Performance
From a feed TDS of about 2451 PPM at a temperature range of 19°C and 28°C, the BWRO skid produces 50 m3/hour of drinking water with TDS less than 240 PPM matching WHO standard for drinking water.

==> Dubai Sports City
Industrial Reverse Osmosis Waste and Processed Water

Introduction
In the Middle East, fresh water is becoming more and more difficult and expensive to obtain. As a result countries are investing in alternatives in water pufication such as reverse osmosis and desalination. In May 2007, Pure Aqua successfully supplied a water treatment package consisting of a Reverse Osmosis System to produce 200 gpm of product from 250 gpm feed, antiscalant chemical dosing, prechlorination chemical dosing, acid injection dosing, and dechlorination dosing systems.

Systems and Process
Feed water to the system is processed water with raw water TDS of about 1,500 PPM. The system design was based on high rejection TFC spiral wound low fouling membranes. The Reverse Osmosis system was selected from our RO-500 Series, model number BW-360K-8680-3. It produces 200 gpm of drinking water with TDS less than 100 mg/L. The Reverse Osmosis unit consists of 5-micron cartridge filters to reduce feed water Silt Density Index (SDI) and to limit the SS to 5-micron size. TFC spiral wound membranes have a recovery rate of 80% with an advanced microprocessor control panel and cleaning system.

Performance
From a feed TDS of about 1,500 mg/L at temperature range of 27°C, the system produces 200gpm of high quality water at less than 100 ppm. The water produced will be used in the water park area of the Sports Center in boating areas, pools and water slides.

==> Salam, Dubai UAE
Industrial Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis System

Introduction
The Industrial Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Unit was manufactured and supplied by Pure Aqua in January 2008 for a major water treatment company in Dubai. The BWRO Unit is capacity of 90,000GPD product water.

Systems and Process
Feed water to the system is processed water with raw water TDS of about 2450 PPM. The system design was based on high rejection TFC spiral wound low fouling membranes. The Reverse Osmosis Unit was selected from our RO-400 Series, model number BW-87K-2680. It produces 63 gpm of drinking water with TDS less than 50mg/L. The BWRO Unit consists of 8"x40" Hydranautics ESPA2 membrane elements, Codeline 8" diameter FRP side ported pressure vessels, controlled by microprocessor with digital TDS read out, hi/low tank level switches, hi/low pressure switches, SS multistage pump and inlet shut off valve.

Performance
From a feed TDS of about 2,450mg/L at temperature range of 25 °C, the system produces 90,000gpd of high quality water at less than 50ppm. Since the time of its start-up in January 2008, the plant has been running smoothly with minimal troubleshooting.

Industrial Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Systems

FILMTEC MEMBRANE

What is Membrane Biogenesis?

Membrane Biogenesis - is a scientific term related with Biology. More particularly this term is used in the department of Molecular and Cell Biology. The body of human beings, animals and plants are made up of cells. Scientific researches in the formation of human cells lead to unearth facts and data required for the medical fraternity. Findings of researches on this subject are most helpful in genetic engineering of plants and crops in the Agricultural Industry.

membrane keyboard

Membrane Biogenesis - facts

MEMBRANE

A membrane is the thin layer of tissues - made up of cells - basically to protect a surface and connect the concerned mass of cells with other parts of the body of all living things - human, animal or plant.

The Membrane Biogenesis is a process taking place inside a cell, where some proteins and lipids are active in building the cell membrane.

Researches on the subject:

Universities are engaged in writing thesis on Molecular Biology, for the purpose of education and recording data for further investigation on the given subject. Membrane Biogenesis is studied closely to identify the pathways of molecular transportation, the enzymes involved and the carriers of lipids and proteins in the formation of membrane. The research results are recorded in the appropriate way, for references in future.

Books on Intra-cellular Protein Transport:

Many books have been published online and in printed text, by eminent authors in the fields of Biology and Biochemistry, describing their researches and studies made on Membrane Biogenesis. The transportation of proteins (prokaryotic and eukaryotic membrane systems) is considered in detail in these books, explaining the process

Researches on human cells:

Plasma Membrane - is the outer cover of cells in bodies of human beings and animals. In plants, fungi or some bacteria it is located beneath the wall of the cells. Plasma Membrane has two layers - phospholipids and embedded proteins. It is this Plasma Membrane that separates the contents of cells from the outside environment. Importantly the Plasma Membrane is the protector of human blood cells.

Now the researches made by scientists in Membrane Biogenesis - like the internalization of the Plasma Membrane components for instance - are very useful in widening knowledge on the combination, building and functions of the blood cells.

Benefits of researches on the subject:

These experimental cell researches will go a long way in finding preventive as well as curative medicines, for many diseases relating to the body cells - more specifically the blood cells - of human beings.

For the Agricultural Industry - especially in finding alternative natural resources for energy production, using biochemistry and genetic engineering of plants - these researches on Membrane Biogenesis will be of great use.

What is Membrane Biogenesis?

MEMBRANE

Reverse Osmosis and the Reef Aquarium

Whether using tap or well Water you are certain to run into something that your aquatic inhabitants are not going to appreciate including Metals, Phosphates, Nitrates, Chlorine and Chloramines (in some locations). Tap water may work for a while however you can never be certain you are not going have a disaster with your next water change.

dow filmtec membranes

You could also pick up water at your local water store however this is just RO water and typically has a TDS (Total Dissolved Solid) count of 2-10 depending on when the filters were changed. Total Dissolved Solids (often abbreviated TDS) is a measure of the combined content of all inorganic and organic substances (like Red Slime) contained in a liquid in molecular, ionized or micro-granular suspended form. This is great for drinking water and much better than tap water but still not the best for your reef tank. You need the DI component to get your TDS down to zero. Once at zero you can be fairly certain you are not contributing anything bad to your tank like the items mentioned above. You are preventing nuisance algae and bacteria's that can cause a complete tank shutdown and when you look at the cost of all of your fish and corals it is approximately two hundred dollars or less well spent!

FILMTEC MEMBRANE

Get yourself a good 4-5 Stage RODI Unit, we sell them on our site for under 0 Canadian. As far as maintenance goes you only need to change your cartridges about every 6 months although it is recommended to change the sediment filter every 2-3 months or when it appears dirty. This will help extend the life of your reverse osmosis membrane. The membrane is what squeezes out most of the bad stuff in the water and usually lasts about 2-5 years depending on the source waters starting TDS and carbon dioxide content. I have sold, used and recommended Filmtec's Membranes for about 6 years now without any issues and they will both outperform and outlast the competition. An inline or handheld TDS meter will let you know when it is time to change your cartridges.

I have tried several different 10" Reverse Osmosis filter cartridges but none seem to compare to a good Purtrex Sediment filter mixed with KX's Matrikx CTO2 and Matrikx + 1 Carbon Block Filters. As far as the Deionization is concerned purchase an inexpensive clear refillable canister and 1.25 pounds of DI Resin to fill it. This will save you -20 every six months on the DI component. There is absolutely no advantage in using prefilled, branded DI cartridges unless you work for the company that sells them.

Get yourself a quality RODI System and make water whenever you need it! You can also make great tasting drinking water (just don't drink water after it goes through the DI Canister). You can purchase a y splitter for a few dollars to bypass the DI Canister.

The benefits of using RODI water in your reef tank are too great to ignore and you will definitely save money in the near future.

Reverse Osmosis and the Reef Aquarium

FILMTEC MEMBRANE