The basic tips you need to know in the physiologicoanatomical peculiarities of the respiratory system of newborns is the peculiarities in the nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and the lungs.
The Peculiarities of the nose at the neonate
• The nose is particularly made up of cartilage
• The nasal meatuses are narrow
• There is no inferior nasal meatus (until 4 years)
• Undeveloped submucosal membrane (until 8-9 years)
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The peculiarities of sinuses in children
• The maxillary sinus is usually present at birth
• The frontal sinuses begin to develop in early infancy
• The ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses develop later in childhood
The peculiarities of the pharynx at the neonate
• The pharynx is relatively small and narrow
• The auditory tubes are small, wide, straight and horizontal
The peculiarities of the larynx at the neonate
• The larynx is funnel-shaped (in the adult it is relatively round)
• It is relatively long
• The cricoid's cartilage descendents from the level of the fourth cervical vertebra in the infant to that of the sixth in the adult
• The fissure of glottis is narrow and its muscles fatigue soon, vocal ligaments and mucous membrane are very tender and well blood-supplied
• Vocal ligament are relatively short
The peculiarities of the trachea at the neonate
• The length of the trachea is relatively larger (about 4cm unlike in Adult which is 7cm) and wide
• It is composed of 15-17 cartilage rings (the amount does not increase)
• The bifurcation of the trachea lies opposite the third thoracic vertebra in infant and descends to a position opposite the fourth vertebra in the adult
• Mucus membrane is soft, well-blood supplied, but sometime dry,
• It can collapse easily.
The peculiarities of the bronchi at the neonate
• In young children the bronchi are relatively wide
• The right bronchus is a straight continuation of the trachea
• The muscle and elastic fibers are undeveloped
• The bronchi are well blood supplied
• The lobules and segmented bronchus are narrow
The functions of the bronchus
• The ciliated mucus membrane "sweeps" out dust particles
• Transfer of gases into the lungs
• Immunologic function
The functions of the Lung are
• The main function of the lungs is the exchange of Oxygen and carbon dioxide
• To produce surfactant
The peculiarities of the lungs at the neonate
• Size of alveoli is smaller than in adult
• Quantity of alveoli is relatively less than in adult.
Considerable or obvious deviations from these peculiarities indicate abnormalities or further clinical examination.
Physiologicoanatomical Peculiarities of the Respiratory System of Newborns MEMBRANE
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